View source for OntologySummit2015 Decision Making in Different Domains Synthesis

= [[OntologySummit2015]] Decision Making in Different Domains =

== Goal ==
To explore several approaches to automated inference in applications ranging from complex event processing and situation awareness to manufacturing.

== Case Studies ==
* Military Situation Awareness [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena]
* Enterprise Decision Management [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke]
* Manufacturing [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Gr&uuml;ninger]
* Healthcare [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
* Cloud Services [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
* Customer Service [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
* Financial Services [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
* Environment [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_An-Ontological-Framework-for-Decision-Support--MarcoRospocher_20150319.pdf Marco Rospocher]
* Jeopardy-Style Question Answering [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_Decision-Making-in-IBM-Watson--WilliamMurdoch_20150319v4.pptx William Murdoch]
* Building Automation [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_The-Role-of-Ontologies-in-Building-Automation--MatthewGiannini_20150319.pdf Matthew Giannini] 

== Insights and Lessons Learned ==

* A little semantics goes a long way [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena] 
** Potential stakeholders primarily interested in basic taxonomies
* Fairly difficult to get developers without KR experience up to speed [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena] 
** Project apps didn't get to point of utilizing capabilities for collaboration, versioning, etc., offered by the underlying model
* Evaluation of KR systems is extremely difficult [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena] 
** Performance is non-trivial but fairly straightforward
*** Sidenote: What's hard for network may not be hard for KR, and vice versa
** Testing actual effectiveness and value requires complex yet realistic scenarios, revolves around metrics that are difficult to quantify
* SPARQL and RDF model aren't quite the right tools for this task [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena] 
** SPARQL great for querying the KB, less ideal for fetching objects
*** Apps want all the metadata about content, resulting in massive queries
** RDF+SPARQL cumbersome when working with dynamic data
* Automated reasoning is difficult! [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Gr&uuml;ninger] 
** Some queries could not be answered in the time limit.
** Approaches are necessary for dealing with this problem. 
* Manufacturing processes are complex. [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Gr&uuml;ninger] 
** Objects flow through a sequence of processes, and at any point in a process plan, there are multiple activities that can possibly occur next.  
** Process plans may also be nondeterministic.
** A first-order process ontology can be used to create smart objects that can reason about the manufacturing processes in which the object participates. 
** Eventually, smart items could be dynamically self-routed through the various process plans.
* Complex event processing can benefit from semantics [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke] 
** Event data becomes declarative knowledge while conforming to an underlying formal semantics
** Reasoning over situations and states by event processing agents
** Better understanding of the relationships between events
** Declarative knowledge-based processing of events and reactions to situations
* The Pragmatic Web consists of the tools, practices and theories describing why and how people use information. [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke] 
** In contrast to the Syntactic Web and Semantic Web the Pragmatic Web is not only about form or meaning of information, but about interaction which brings about e.g. understanding and commitments. [http://www.pragmaticweb.info Pragmatic Web Site]
* Decisions are made within a context
** Situation Assessment is central to information fusion [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
** Situation Awareness is fundamental part of event processing [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke] 
* Decisions are made within a process
** Event Processing [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke] 
** Manufacturing Process [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Gr&uuml;ninger] 
** OODA Loop, JDL Model, KIDS [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
* Decisions require a variety of processing techniques [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski] [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_Decision-Making-in-IBM-Watson--WilliamMurdoch_20150319v4.pptx William Murdoch]
** Data mining
** Inductive reasoning
** Abductive reasoning
** Probabilistic reasoning
* Decision Making in Question Answering [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_Decision-Making-in-IBM-Watson--WilliamMurdoch_20150319v4.pptx William Murdoch]
** Choosing answers to questions!
*** IBM Watson generates many candidate answers
*** For each answer, how confident are we that the answer is right?
** Deciding whether to answer
*** Based on how confident we are that the answer is right
*** Based on cost/benefit of right answers and wrong answers
** Deciding how many answers to provide
** Deciding whether to hedge 
* Question Answering vs Decision Making
** Question Answering presumes that there is a unique correct answer to a question and the purpose of decision support is to find the answer.
** Decision-making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making Wikipedia page on decision-making]
*** In such a process, there is no unique answer or even necessarily a correct answer that one could verify.
** Question Answering and Decision Making have much in common but a system designed for one is not usually suitable for the other.

= Additional Resources =
* [http://ontolog-02.cim3.net/wiki/OntologySummit2015_Decision_Making_in_Different_Domains_CommunityInput Community Input Page]

[[Category:OntologySummit]]
[[Category:OntologySummit2015]]