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| = [[OntologySummit2015]] Decision Making in Different Domains =
| | '''[[OntologySummit2015]] Synthesis''' |
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| == Goal ==
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| To explore several approaches to automated inference in applications ranging from complex event processing and situation awareness to manufacturing.
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| == Case Studies ==
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| * Military Situation Awareness [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena]
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| * Enterprise Decision Management [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke]
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| * Manufacturing [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Grüninger]
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| * Healthcare [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
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| * Cloud Services [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
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| * Customer Service [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
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| * Financial Services [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
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| * Environment [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_An-Ontological-Framework-for-Decision-Support--MarcoRospocher_20150319.pdf Marco Rospocher]
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| * Jeopardy-Style Question Answering [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_Decision-Making-in-IBM-Watson--WilliamMurdoch_20150319v4.pptx William Murdoch]
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| * Building Automation [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_The-Role-of-Ontologies-in-Building-Automation--MatthewGiannini_20150319.pdf Matthew Giannini]
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| == Insights and Lessons Learned ==
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| * A little semantics goes a long way [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena]
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| ** Potential stakeholders primarily interested in basic taxonomies
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| * Fairly difficult to get developers without KR experience up to speed [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena]
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| ** Project apps didn't get to point of utilizing capabilities for collaboration, versioning, etc., offered by the underlying model
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| * Evaluation of KR systems is extremely difficult [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena]
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| ** Performance is non-trivial but fairly straightforward
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| *** Sidenote: What's hard for network may not be hard for KR, and vice versa
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| ** Testing actual effectiveness and value requires complex yet realistic scenarios, revolves around metrics that are difficult to quantify
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| * SPARQL and RDF model aren't quite the right tools for this task [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Ontology-Based-Information-Centric-Tactical-Edge-Networking--JosephKopena_20150212.pdf Joseph Kopena]
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| ** SPARQL great for querying the KB, less ideal for fetching objects
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| *** Apps want all the metadata about content, resulting in massive queries
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| ** RDF+SPARQL cumbersome when working with dynamic data
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| * Automated reasoning is difficult! [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Grüninger]
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| ** Some queries could not be answered in the time limit.
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| ** Approaches are necessary for dealing with this problem.
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| * Manufacturing processes are complex. [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Grüninger]
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| ** Objects flow through a sequence of processes, and at any point in a process plan, there are multiple activities that can possibly occur next.
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| ** Process plans may also be nondeterministic.
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| ** A first-order process ontology can be used to create smart objects that can reason about the manufacturing processes in which the object participates.
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| ** Eventually, smart items could be dynamically self-routed through the various process plans.
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| * Complex event processing can benefit from semantics [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke]
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| ** Event data becomes declarative knowledge while conforming to an underlying formal semantics
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| ** Reasoning over situations and states by event processing agents
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| ** Better understanding of the relationships between events
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| ** Declarative knowledge-based processing of events and reactions to situations
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| * The Pragmatic Web consists of the tools, practices and theories describing why and how people use information. [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke]
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| ** In contrast to the Syntactic Web and Semantic Web the Pragmatic Web is not only about form or meaning of information, but about interaction which brings about e.g. understanding and commitments. [http://www.pragmaticweb.info Pragmatic Web Site]
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| * Decisions are made within a context
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| ** Situation Assessment is central to information fusion [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
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| ** Situation Awareness is fundamental part of event processing [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke]
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| * Decisions are made within a process
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| ** Event Processing [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_From-Semantic-Complex-Event-Processing-to-and-Ubiquitous-Pragmatic-Web-4.0--AdrianPaschke_20150212.pdf Adrian Paschke]
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| ** Manufacturing Process [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Process-Ontologies-for-Smart-Objects-in-Manufacturing--MichaelGruninger_20150212.pdf Michael Grüninger]
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| ** OODA Loop, JDL Model, KIDS [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski]
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| * Decisions require a variety of processing techniques [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-02-12_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-1/Track-C_Situation-Awareness-and-Decision-Making--KenBaclawski_20150212.pdf Ken Baclawski] [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_Decision-Making-in-IBM-Watson--WilliamMurdoch_20150319v4.pptx William Murdoch]
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| ** Data mining
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| ** Inductive reasoning
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| ** Abductive reasoning
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| ** Probabilistic reasoning
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| * Decision Making in Question Answering [http://ontolog.cim3.net/file/work/OntologySummit2015/2015-03-19_OntologySummit2015_Decision-Making-in-Different-Domains-2/Track-C_Decision-Making-in-IBM-Watson--WilliamMurdoch_20150319v4.pptx William Murdoch]
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| ** Choosing answers to questions!
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| *** IBM Watson generates many candidate answers
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| *** For each answer, how confident are we that the answer is right?
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| ** Deciding whether to answer
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| *** Based on how confident we are that the answer is right
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| *** Based on cost/benefit of right answers and wrong answers
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| ** Deciding how many answers to provide
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| ** Deciding whether to hedge
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| * Question Answering vs Decision Making
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| ** Question Answering presumes that there is a unique correct answer to a question and the purpose of decision support is to find the answer.
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| ** Decision-making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making Wikipedia page on decision-making]
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| *** In such a process, there is no unique answer or even necessarily a correct answer that one could verify.
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| ** Question Answering and Decision Making have much in common but a system designed for one is not usually suitable for the other.
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| = Additional Resources =
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| * [http://ontolog-02.cim3.net/wiki/OntologySummit2015_Decision_Making_in_Different_Domains_CommunityInput Community Input Page]
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| [[Category:OntologySummit]]
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| [[Category:OntologySummit2015]]
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